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Many different and equally appropriate styles can be used for
citing materials found in electronic resources. The appropriate
style guides that you can use will vary and be influenced by teachers’
and professors’ preferences, academic disciplines, and the
nature of the final publication (e.g., high school report, college
research paper, formal publication in a journal or magazine, etc.).
Citation styles for the arts and humanities also differ tremendously
from those used in the sciences. In addition to the styles promoted
by Kate Turabian (known as Turabian), the American
Psychological Association (known as APA), and the Modern
Language Association (known as MLA), there are many other
accepted bibliographic citation styles, including those published
by the American Political Science Association (APSA), the Council
of Biology Editors (CBE), the Associated Press (AP), and the University
of Chicago (Chicago).
These guidelines are for general use only. Please consult with
your appropriate teachers and instructors about the citation guidelines
that you will need to follow.Resources in CHO
The resources available in the CHO database include photographs, drawings, postcards, maps, documents and more. Other resources include photo essays “Journeys” and lesson plans. You should note the type of material (photograph, drawing, etc.) that you wish to cite, as this information is critical for determining the format used in any bibliographic citation.
Each resource in the database can be uniquely identified by an institutional accession number, call number, or location code, a photo CD number, or a file name. These are found in the “Identifier” field in an item’s record display. The photo CD number and/or file name also appear in the caption below many images.
Throughout the CHO database, the term “Creator”
is used to define the name of an author, artist, collector, photographer,
etc. In some instances, a “Creator” is unknown and does
not appear in the database record for the item. Use the citation
examples for more information on how to cite materials with
an unknown “Creator.”
Locating specific information to create a bibliographic citation,
as well as using different citation standards, can be challenging.
In order to help you more easily cite CHO resources, please refer
to the illustrated examples linked below that highlight important
information about CHO records.
Below are links to detailed examples for citing,
within a bibliography, individual photographs, texts, as well
as the entire CHO website. The APA, MLA, and Turabian style guides
were chosen in the examples because they are the most commonly
used citation styles for the social sciences and the humanities.
APA examples
MLA examples
Turabian examples
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Overview